• A grinding support made of nano-structured bronze (tin copper) was tested by Thyssen in Germany. The test showed an improvement in abrasive wear resistance of 500% compared to Thyssen’s grinding supports. Hardness and electrical conductivity improvements were measured to 40% and 375%, respectively. The size of the improvement in electrical conductivity by adding such ultra-low concentrations of our product proves that the toroidal graphene molecule has an intrinsic electrical conductivity of at least 600-750 times higher than copper.

• In an experimental study to find a substitute for the toxic beryllium copper, beryllium was replaced by our product. Mechanical properties were preserved, and electrical conductivity improved by 300%.

•A tool holder for turning was made of nano-structured carbon fiber composite. In demonstrations it allowed turning at 200,000 rpm with a maximum tool deflection of 2 mm, which is an improvement by a factor of 20 compared to steel. SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden conducted independent testing of the compression modulus of the tool holder, which verified a performance enhancement of over 40% compared to Japanese world-leading carbon fiber manufacturer Toray.

• A pervaporation membrane for separating azeotropic mixtures made of nano-structured thermoplastic (PPO) didn’t influence the pervaporation properties but showed an improvement in biaxial tensile strength of 85%.

• Chemical resistance to nuclear waste in borosilicate glass, nano-structured with our product, has been measured to 400% improvement.

• Laboratory environment feasibility studies have shown improvements in tensile strength of epoxy by 39%; in flexural modulus of T700 carbon fiber fabric by 45%, which is equivalent to T1300-level; and in flexural modulus of engineering plastics by 54%.

The incorporation of toroidal graphene molecules into a composite material significantly influences its overall performance. When uniformly dispersed, they establish a stable internal network within the material. The network stability arises from the alignment and attraction of temporary dipoles between the toroidal graphene molecules and neighboring atoms and molecules, a phenomenon known as van der Waals forces.

Notably, the van der Waals forces exerted by the toroidal graphene molecules demonstrate heightened strength and expanded range, owing to modified electron density and electronic polarization induced by giant resonance.

Dispersing toroidal graphene molecules uniformly in a copper matrix with a spacing of 550 nm, and thereby ensuring optimal interaction between the temporary dipoles of adjacent toroidal graphene molecules, promote the formation of a denser, more compact interfacial layer between the toroidal graphene molecules and the surrounding copper atoms.
Amplified van der Waals forces between the toroidal graphene molecules and the copper atoms play a crucial role in promoting stronger interactions at the interfaces. The attractive forces pull the copper atoms closer to the toroidal graphene molecules, thereby contributing to the densification of the interfacial layer with improved cohesion and adhesion.
The confined motion of pi-electrons within the toroidal graphene molecules leads to quantum confinement effects. This phenomenon results in the localization of charge carriers (electrons) near the interface, enhancing the interaction between the toroidal graphene molecules and the copper atoms. Consequently, this localization further contributes to the formation of a more compact interfacial layer.
The presence of toroidal graphene molecules modulates the surface energy of the copper atoms, creating a more favorable environment for the aggregation of copper atoms near the interface. The modulation of surface energy contributes further still to the densification of the interfacial layer, ultimately resulting in a more compact structure.

The densified interfacial layers within the nanostructured copper facilitate better contact between the toroidal graphene molecules and the copper atoms, improving the pathways for electron and phonon transport through the composite material.
The strong interactions at the interface influence the movement of charge carriers and phonons within the copper. More efficient transfer pathways increase the mobility of charge carriers and phonons, reduce scattering, and minimize energy losses, which increases the mean free path of the charge carriers and the phonons, ultimately reducing resistance and contributing to higher electrical and thermal conductivity.
Stronger intermolecular interactions also lead to smoother surfaces and reduced frictional resistance, resulting in improved durability and longevity of the material.

In the case of carbon fiber composites, an interfacial layer is formed around the carbon fibers as well.

One kilogram of our product ultra-lightweights the carbon fiber parts of a 140-ton carbon fiber jet and addresses the following five primary areas of aerospace lightweighting:

• Weight savings – Our product allows for weight savings of 40% of the carbon fiber composite parts or a total of 28 tons, which equals cost savings of $8.7m.

• Fuel consumption – Our product allows for a reduction in fuel consumption by 20% or 10+ tons of fuel for a single Atlantic crossing, which equals cost savings of $10m over the life of the aircraft.

• CO2 emissions – Our product allows for a reduction in CO2 emissions by 20% or 30+ tons for a single Atlantic crossing.

• Range – Our product improves range flexibility by 20% or 2,800 km, thereby increasing the number of possible non-stop destinations around the world.

• Aircraft lightning protection – Carbon fiber composites cannot mitigate the potentially damaging electromagnetic effects from a lightning strike. The most frequently selected solution to this problem is to introduce metals back into the aircraft. The metal mesh and expanded foil added to the composite structure layup for this purpose are negating any lightweighting measures and don’t contribute to structural strength. Carbon fiber composites enhanced with our product serves as an electrical shield around the structure that protects against lightning strikes and at the same time contributes to structural strength.

1. Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7):
   • Improved electrical conductivity can enhance the efficiency of electrical systems, reducing energy loss during transmission and distribution.
   • Higher conductivity allows for more efficient energy generation, contributing to the goal of affordable and clean energy.
2. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (SDG 9):
   • Enhanced electrical conductivity can lead to the development of more efficient and innovative electrical infrastructure and technologies.
   • Improved conductivity can contribute to the advancement of electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and smart grids, supporting sustainable industrialization and infrastructure development.
3. Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12):
   • By increasing the efficiency of electrical systems, the product can contribute to reduced resource consumption and waste associated with energy production and transmission.
   • The enhanced conductivity may lead to longer-lasting and more reliable electrical components, promoting sustainable consumption patterns.
4. Climate Action (SDG 13):
   • Increased electrical conductivity can contribute to the development and adoption of cleaner energy technologies, thereby mitigating the impact of climate change.
   • Efficient energy transmission and reduced energy loss can result in lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy production and consumption.
5. Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17):
   • Collaborations between the manufacturers of the product, the copper industry, and other stakeholders can foster partnerships aimed at achieving sustainable development goals.
   • Sharing knowledge and technologies related to enhanced electrical conductivity can contribute to a collective effort to address global challenges.